RBC's

Hello everyone! Today we will discuss about red blood cells or otherwise known as RBC. 

We will discuss about the components of blood to understand where the RBC. Also we should know how much percent of RBC are in blood.

Components of blood:

In blood there are

1. Plasma
2. WBC
3. RBC
4. Platlets

So by the above image we can see that the RBC's are present inside the blood. We can see that 44% of blood is RBC.

RBC:

RBC are also called as Red Blood Cells. The scientific name for RBC or red blood cells is erythrocytes. have you wondered why erythrocytes are red in colour. There is a reason. Because of the pigment known as hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is present in erythroctes. Hemoglobin helps in the transferring of gases like oxygen. In hemoglobin, hemo means iron and globin means protein. 

Erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow which is in the bones. 

But it is also a problem if too much erythrocytes are produced by the bone marrow. It is because too much erythrocytes can cause the blood to thicken and move slowly. The disease name when more amount of erythrocytes is present in blood is polycythmeia. 

The lifespan of RBC is 120 days. So it will die which causes a decrease of the amount of erythocytes in blood. The spleen is known as the graveyard of red blood cells.

If less amount of erythrocytes are produced by the bone marrow, the the kidney produces some thing called as erythropoetin. Eythropoetin stimulates the bone marrow to make it produce more erythrocytes. The disesase called when less amount of erythrocytes is present in blood is anemia.

The process of the production of erythrocytes is erythropoesis.

Do you know why the erythrocytes have a curve in a middle.?

There is a reason. It is because the erythrocytes don't have a nucleus. They don't have a nucleus because there is not enough space to carry oxygen in erythrocytes.

Thank you!

5 states of matter

Hello everyone! So, do you know the 3 main states of matter. It is gas, solid, liquid. The whole world was believing that there was only 3 states. But some people discovered 2 more states of matter. We will discus the 5 states of matter now. 

Solid:

• An object made up of tightly packed particles
• The particles will be very close to each other
• Most solid are hard to break
• Example of solid is bricks
• So if you see in bricks, it is vey hard
• The particles inside it are hitting each other and it is tightly packed

Liquid:

• The particles inside liquid are not tightly packed
• It is some what loose
• Example of liquid is water
• It is because water is freely moving and particles inside it are not tightly packed

Gas:

• The particles inside gas are very very very loosely packed
• Example of air is oxygen
• It is because oxygen is always moving
• Also, Anything can go through oxygen

Plasma:

We discussed about the 3 states of matter.

We will discuss about the 4th state of matter now.

• Plasma is the combination of positive ions and electrons
• For example, the sun is always burning
• Because of the tremendous heat from the sun, the atoms break
• When the atoms break electrons and positive ions are released
• This combination gives as an bright light which causes a sensation to our eyes
• That bright light is plasma

Bose-Einstein condensate:

Bose-Einstein condensate is the 5th state of matter.

The last state of matter is Bose-Einstein condensate

• When low density gases are in a extreme cool temperature
• In this, the result is known as the Bose-Einstein Condensate
• Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein did this experiment
• But they did not prove it
• Instead 3 American scientists proved it as the 5th state of matter in 2001
• The three American scientists are Eric A Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterie and Carl E Weiman
• These 3 scientists earned the noble prize

Thank you!

HEAT

What is heat?

• Heat is a form of energy
• Causes a sensation to our human eyes

What is temperature?

• It is the degree of hotness or coldness
• It is measured by 3 main units
• It is measure by a thermometer

Those three units are Kelvin, Celcius, Farhanhite.

Thermometer

• Measures temperature 
• There are 2 types of thermometer

Those 2 types of thermometer are:

Clinical thermometer:

• Used by doctors
• Has mercury in a tube
• Has kink (Kink helps in not letting the mercury fall down
• It is from 35 degree Celsius to 42 degree Celsius
• A person should have approximately 37 degree Celsius

Labortary thermometer:

• Used by scientists
• Has mercury in tube
• It is from -10 degree Celsius to -110 degree Celsius
• Doesn't have kink (So this is why scientists will hold it upside down to not let the mercury fall)

Now in the advanced digital world,

A new type of clinical thermometer has been invented

That thermometer is name is infrared thermometer

• Measures temperature
• Used by doctors
• Tells value in half second
• No need of contact in touching with the patient

 Components of food

Introduction:

Hello everyone. Did you have a good lunch. But before you eat food every day. There has to be some important things in the breakfast, lunch or dinner which your family or the person who cooks for you will decide. For example, in your food there has to be some amount of fat or carbohydrates. This is only one example, there has to be more things in your food. We will discuss about what should be in your food now.

So why is it important to have all the things in your food? What happens when you eat your food which has only one thing like fats?

The answer is:

When you eat your food that has only fats. There will be deficiency of other things like proteins. Because of no proteins you will be very weak and slim. So if you have all things in your food, you will have a balanced diet. You will not get any deficiency in any minerals or vitamins.

So, in your food there should be 

1. Carbohydrates- Vegetables, Milk, ice cream
2. Fats- Avocadoes, Tofu, Nuts
3. Proteins- Egg, Fish, Beans
4. Vitamins- Fruits  and Vegetables
5. Minerals- Fruits and Vegetables
6. Water- Water

Carbohydrates and fats:

They help in energy production.

Proteins:

Proteins are body building food. They help in repairing damaged body parts (For example, Damaged tissues-------->New and clean tissues)

Vitamins and minerals:

They help in improving the immune system. They help in growth and development. They help cells and organs do their job.

Water:

Water is very important. Water gives us most of the electrolytes.

Ok, We talked about what should be in food. We will now talk about what your food should be.

The food plate helps in giving a clear notification about what your  food should be.

So in your plates there should be vegetables, fruits, grains, and proteins. In extra there should be some diary items also. 

Fruits and vegetables: There is vitamins and minerals. Some fruits like watermelon has a rich source of water also.

Grains: Gives proteins and fibers and some minerals.

Proteins: More than grains, protein food have a rich source of proteins

Diary: Has carbohydrates and fats and proteins

This should be the food plate for everyone,

For vegetarians,

Diary item should be milk or ice cream

 Branches of zoology

Come on everyone, let us go to the past and discover about the branches of zoology made by famous scientists.

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Taxonomy: Taxonomy is an branch of zoology dealing with the study of classification and identification. To say in simple words, it is the study of giving names to animals.

The word taxonomy is coined by A.P de Candolle.

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Morphology: Morphology is the study of appearance. For example, when a new student enters into the class, everyone one can see his appearance or how he looks, how tall is he, etc etc. 

Coined by August Scheicher

Morphology is divided as internal morphology and external morphology. 

Internal morphology deals with the study of the appearance inside the body. For example, the cut-section of the organism's lung.

 External morphology is the study of  the appearance out side the body.

To say in simple words, Internal morphology- we can't see- we have to see through microscope or see inside the body. External morphology- we can see- we can see with our naked eye.

Internal morphology is divided into histology and anatomy

Histology- Study of tissues using microscope

Anatomy: Study of cut-section of the organism

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Cytology: It is the study of cells and cell organells 

Father of cytology is Robert Hooke

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Embryology: Embryology is the study of the fertilization, about the embryos and etc.

It is basically related with the study of how the baby forms

Father of embryology is Aristotle

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Physiology: Physiology is the study of the organism's body functions and the processes

Coined by Jean Ferrel

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Genetics: Study of genes

Coined by William Baetson

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Ecology: It is the study of the relationship between biotic and abiotic factors.

Coined by Ernst Haeckal

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Ethology: It is the study of the organism's behavior

Lorenz is one of the founders of zoology

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Evolution: It is the study of the origin and the evolving stage of the animals

Coined by Herbert Spencer

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Paleontology: It is the study of fossils

Paleo zoology: It is the study of animal fossils

Paleo zoology is coined by H.M.D Blainville

Paleo botany: It is the study of plant fossils

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 Avian digestive system

Introduction:

Everyday I see so much animals. Specifically, I see one type of animal so much, flying in the air. What do you think it is? Here is one hint- It will have a beak. The answer is birds. You may have seen the external structure of the birds. But, have you ever wondered what will be in the birds and how they eat? We will discuss about how the birds eat today.

We humans have the Human digestive system

But, bird like animals have a other digestive system known as the avian digestive system.

In the human digestive system there are some body parts that we don't have but it will be in the avian digestive system. For example, the gizzard.

Process of digestion:

    We will discuss about what happen when the animal eats. Before that, we shall take an animal that has the avian digestive system. That is, we can take birds. So when birds eat, they don't bite or grind or crush it. Instead, they will swallow it. It is because birds don't have teeth. So we can say birds will eat un-masticated food. The un-masticated food goes from mouth to the esophagus. Food reaches the crop. From the crop, it goes through the proventiculus. The gastric juices from the liver and pancreas meet here. The food then goes to the gizzard. Small stones which may have come while they were picking up the food are stored in the gizzard. Then food goes to small intestine to large intestine. There will be some waste left over. The uric acid from the kidney is secreted to large intestine and it mixes with the waste and comes out by the cloaca. The waste will be in a semi-solid structure.

So if you notice closely, there are 2 stomachs in the avian digestive system.

1. Proventriculus
2. Gizzard

Crop- Stores food temporarily

Proventriculus- place where gastric juices from liver and pancreas join together- Enzymes are also formed in proventriculus- This causes breaking down of food- It is the 1st stomach

Gizzard- Place where food is stored and it will be crushed, grinded- Stones which come while the animals pick up their food are stored in the gizzard

Small intestine- Plays a very important role in digestion and absorption

Large intestine- Absorbs the nutrients and the minerals from the undigested food

 Digestive system of Ruminants

Introduction:

    We know about how we eat. But, have you ever thought about how ruminants, like cows eat. Do you think cows will have H.C.L in their stomach. Do you think cows will have a very very very long process or maybe very short process. We will study all about this now.

Ruminants:

    Ruminants are grass eating animals which follow rumination.

Rumination:

    Rumination is an slow process. In rumination the ruminants like cows will eat grass partially and store it in the rumen. It will take the food from rumen, and will bring it to the mouth and chew again for some time. We will later on study about what is a rumen.

Digestion:

Digestion first starts from the mouth. They will partially chew the grass. The partially chewed food is called as cud. The cud will be stored in the rumen. The cud will go to the recticulum. From the recticulum, the big food particles goes to the mouth. Again the cow will chew the cud for sometime. But, the small food particles go to the omasum directly. From the omasum it goes to the abomasum. From the abomasum, cud goes to the small intestine. Between the small intestine and large intestine there is "Cecum." So the cud will go to the cecum. Finally from the cecum cud goes to large intestine.

So if you count, totally there are 4 stomachs for ruminants.

The journey is over!!!!!

• Rumen- 1st stomach- Cud is stored in rumen- breaks food particles with help of symbiotic microbes
• Recticulum- 2nd stomach- Place were the particles are specifically separated to go to an specific region by according to their size- Large food particles go to the mouth for more chewing- Small food particles go the omasum directly
• Omasum- 3rd stomach- Helps in absorbing water
• Abomasum- 4th stomach- Helps in digestion of proteins- The abomasum produces gastric juices like Hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes which helps in digestion 
• Small intestine- helps in absoption and digestion- recieves gastric juices from the Liver and the Pancreas which helps in digestion
• Large intestine- Undigested food pass through it- Microbes help in digesting the food- Helps in absorbing water from the undigested food
  
  
  
  

Human digestive system

Introduction

The food that we eat enters the mouth. But what happens from there. Do you think that it will directly go to stomach and come out as waste. No that is wrong. Our human body is very very very very very cool. It has so much things. After food goes to the mouth it then enters to the esophagus and then it goes to so much body parts. We will study all about where the food that we eat goes to. It will be an interesting journey.

Human digestive system

Some important facts:

In the human digestive system, there is only 1 stomach. Because of this we are called as monogastric animals.

• Mono- 1
• Gastric- relating to the stomach
  
  
  

Digestion starts from Mouth and ends in Anus. In the mouth the action of saliva takes place. Saliva is created from the 3 salivary glands

• Parotid
• Submandibular
• Sublingual
  
  
  

Saliva breaks down the starch in food. This is done by help of enzymes. The name of the enzyme in saliva is amylase. The tongue helps mix saliva with the food. The end result is Bolus.

• Bolus is a mixture of the grinded, crushed food and with saliva. It is in a round shape 

The bolus passes to an tube like structure called as food pipe or esophagus. 

When the food goes in the esophagus, it expands a particular section of the esophagus. The esophagus will then try to contract on the part where there is expansion. This causes food to go down. This is called peristalsis. 

The food from esophagus then goes to the stomach. The Sphincter muscle helps in pushing the food from the esophagus to stomach. The stomach contains H.C.L which kills the bacteria in food. The H.C.L is produced in the inner-lining of stomach.

• PH level of H.C.L in stomach is 1.5 to 2.5
• There is an acidic nature in the stomach
  
  
  

Some people may think "H.C.L will burn through the stomach and damage our body." Nice question, but that is unlikely to happen. It is because the inner-lining of the stomach also produces mucous. The mucous together forms the mucous layer which helps in protecting the stomach from burning of H.C.L. When ever we eat food, the stomach produces H.C.L. So that is why people say it is bad to eat bubblegum. Because eating bubblegum can cause unnecessary formation of H.C.L. This can cause acid reflex. The inner-lining of the stomach also produces gastric juices which partially digest protein in food. This partially digested food is called as chyme.

The food then goes to the small intestine. The Small intestine is a long tube which helps in digestion and absorption. It is divided into 3 parts.

• Duodenum- Place where the bile juice from the liver and pancreatic juice from the pancreas will join and act on the chyme, the food then changes to chyle (Pronounced as "Kile")
• Jejunum- Helps in digestion and absorption
• lleum- Helps in digestion and absorption
  
  
  

The liver produces bile juice as I said before. The bile juice helps in digestion of fat in food. The pancreas produces pancreatic juice. It turns complex substances into simpler substances.

For example: It turns

• Proteins to amino acids
• Carbohydrates to glucose
• Fat to fatty acids
  
  
  

 

There are small finger like structures in the small intestine. These are called as villi. Villi:

• Increases surface area
• It is highly supplied with blood vessels
• It helps in absorption of food materials

The food then goes to the cells and the cells break the food down. Then glucose is released. Cells take the glucose for energy. If we eat to much, the food will go to the cells. The cells will take the amount that it needs and the extra food is stored as glycogen in our body.

This process of utilization is called as assimilation.

But once the small intestine finishes digestion and absorption there may be some undigested food. So the undigested food alone goes to the large intestine. The large intestine will absorb the water, salts and minerals. The remaining things is released to through anus as faeces. Before faeces are released it is stored in the rectum.

• Large intestine's other name is colon
• There are 4 parts of the colon:

• Ascending colon
• Transversal colon
• Descending colon
• Sigmoid colon

The small intestine and the large intestine is connected by an body part called as caecum.

In here, the thin curly tube is appendix.

The thick tube, right side of the very big tube is the small intestine.